The high-quality development of higher education in the new era places higher demands on the teaching ability of young teachers in colleges and universities. Young teachers, as the backbone of the teaching and research teams in colleges and universities, are directly related to the quality of talent cultivation and the long-term development of higher education. By analyzing the core connotations and current predicaments of the teaching ability of young teachers in colleges and universities in the new era, this paper explores effective ways to enhance the teaching ability of young teachers from four dimensions: training system, practice platform, evaluation mechanism, and guarantee measures, and builds a long-term improvement mechanism that is all-round and multi-level. It provides theoretical references and practical lessons for universities to strengthen the construction of young teachers’ teams and promote the improvement of teaching quality in higher education.