With the rapid development of data center virtualization, secure data storage has become a crucial issue. This paper aims to explore and design an efficient secure data storage architecture to address the challenges of data security in virtualized environments. The article first analyzes the impact of virtualization technology on data storage security, including data leakage, tampering, and availability issues. Then, this paper proposes a comprehensive secure data storage architecture, which includes data encryption, access control, backup and recovery strategies, and audit and monitoring mechanisms. Through case studies and security performance evaluations, this paper verifies the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed architecture. Finally, the paper summarizes the research findings and proposes suggestions for future research directions, to provide references for data center managers and policymakers.