The family serves as the primary environment for young children’s growth, and the quality of its construction is crucial for the initiation and development of their aesthetic abilities. The family environment is a complex system composed of multiple dimensions, including material conditions, activity practices, atmosphere immersion, and parental qualities, which collectively influence the four core aesthetic abilities of young children—perception, imagination, judgment, and creativity—laying the foundation for the formation of their aesthetic literacy. This study employs a case analysis method to explore the compositional characteristics of the family environment for children aged 3–6, the differences in the impact of various family environment types on their aesthetic abilities, and the pathways for optimizing the family environment. The analysis results indicate that: (1) There is a positive correlation between the development level of aesthetic abilities in children aged 3-6 and the degree of immersion in the family environment. Abundant family art material resources and frequent parent-child art activities can significantly enhance children’s aesthetic abilities; (2) The creation of a family art atmosphere integrated into daily life positively promotes the long-term development of children’s aesthetic abilities.