This study, from a cross-cultural perspective, conducts an in-depth comparison and reference research on the curriculum concepts of basic music education at home and abroad. The characteristics and advantages of music education under different cultural backgrounds are revealed by analyzing the differences between China and countries such as Europe, America, Japan, and South Korea in terms of the curriculum goals, contents, teaching methods, and evaluation systems of basic music education. Research has found that foreign basic music education focuses on cultivating students’ creativity, individual expression, and understanding of diverse music cultures, while in China, more emphasis is placed on the inheritance of ethnic music and skills training. Drawing on advanced foreign concepts and combining them with China’s national conditions can help improve the curriculum system of basic music education in our country, enhance the quality of education, cultivate new era talents with an international perspective and musical literacy, and promote the sustainable development of basic music education in our country.