In the context of increasingly fierce global technological competition, China faces multiple "technology chokepoints" that severely restrict industrial autonomy. Breaking through these bottlenecks requires not only breakthroughs in cutting-edge technologies but also highly skilled technical personnel with a spirit of craftsmanship. Higher vocational education, as the main platform for cultivating technical skills, shoulders the important mission of sowing the seeds of talents for future technological breakthroughs. This study, based on the "mastering - optimizing - breaking through" three-stage progressive ability model, systematically explores how to build a talent cultivation system for technological independent innovation in higher vocational colleges through stepped training programs, long-term dedicated will cultivation, and cross-disciplinary project practices. The research proposes that through teaching strategies such as project-based learning, mentorship accompaniment, and phased goal management, the "ten years to hone a sword" spirit of persistence should be transformed into an operational and motivating teaching process, thereby cultivating innovative craftsmen who can master existing technologies proficiently, continuously optimize processes, and ultimately achieve breakthroughs in principles.