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Volume 10,Issue 1

Fall 2025

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27 December 2024

Research Progress on the Application and Mechanisms of β-Hydroxybutyrate Supplementation in Cardiovascular Diseases

Tingting Li1,2 Hui Zhang1,3 Mingchen Zhang1 Xiaowen Wang1* Zhongguang Sun1*
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1 School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
2 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
3 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan 250132, China
APM 2024 , 9(2), 26–36; https://doi.org/10.18063/apm.v8i28888
© 2024 by the Author(s). Licensee Whioce Publishing, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Abstract

The prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases have always been a focal point in related fields. This paper explores the application and underlying mechanisms of exogenous and endogenous β-hydroxybutyrate supplementation in addressing cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, diabetic cardiomyopathy, hypertension, myocardial inflammation, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Exogenous β-hydroxybutyrate supplementation offers a rapid and direct energy source for the heart, thereby aiding in the prevention and management of cardiac injury. Notably, the overall efficacy of exogenous β-hydroxybutyrate is markedly superior to that of endogenous β-hydroxybutyrate. Endogenous fatty acids, derived from a ketogenic diet, undergo oxidation to form β-hydroxybutyrate in the body for energy production. However, this process is significantly influenced by glucose and lipid metabolism, particularly in the context of underlying health conditions. Currently, the use of a ketogenic diet is not advocated for the prevention or treatment of myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, diabetic cardiomyopathy, or hypertension.

Keywords
β-Hydroxybutyrate
Ketogenic diet
Cardiovascular diseases
Nutritional ketosis
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Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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